Short essay on indus valley civilization

Short essay on indus valley civilization

Short essay on the Political Life of Indus Civilization Brief Notes on the Funerary Customs of Indus Civilization blogger.com is an online article publishing site that helps you to submit your knowledge so that it may be preserved for eternity Essay on the Indus Valley Civilisation | Indian History 1. Introduction to Indus Valley Civilisation. For a long time it was believed that Indians are stay at home people and 2. Race of Indus Civilisation. There has been much contro­versy amongst the historians regarding the race to which Estimated Reading Time: 9 mins 1/19/ · Short essay on Indus Valley Civilization. Some four or five thousand years ago a highly civilized community flo urished in the region of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan d the fringes of Uttar Pradesh popularly known as Indus Valley blogger.comted Reading Time: 2 mins

Indus Valley Civilization. - blogger.com

In the third millennium before Christ a civilisation flourished in north-west India which derived its name from the Indus, the main river of the region. It is known as the Indus Civilisation or Harappa Culture as archaeologists call it from modern name of the site of one of its two great cities—Harappa.

Short essay on indus valley civilization scholars on history were roused by the announcement of Sir John Marshall that his Indian aides, particularly R. Banerjee, discovered at Mohenjo-daro in the Larkana district of Sind now in Pakistan, the remains of a civilisation, one of the oldest of the world.

A few short essay on indus valley civilization miles towards the north of Mohenjo-daro four or five superimposed cities were excavated at Harappa in the Montgomery district of the Punjab, now in Pakistan, short essay on indus valley civilization. Recently, excavation carried out on the site of Kalibangan has revealed a third city as large as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. That the civilisation was not confined to the limits of the Indus valley can be understood from the finds of relics of the same civilisation at Sutkajen-dor on the sea board of south Beluchistan, in the west of Alamgirpur in the Uttar Pradesh in the east; and from Ropar in the Himalayan foot hills in the north to Bhagatrav on the river Kim in between the Narmada and Tapti in the south.

This civilisation belonged to the Chalcolithic, i. Until the discovery of the remains of the Indus civilisation it was believed by scholars that the history of India practically began with the coming of the Aryans. But this theory is an exploded one and the pre-historic civilisation of India, that is, the Indus civilisation is contemporaneous with the civilisations of Mesopotamia, Egypt etc. The first thing that strikes us is the town planning.

Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Lothal or Surkotada were built according to a set plan. Two cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, were built on similar plan.

To the west of each was a citadel built on a high platform. It was defended by wall and on it were constructed the public buildings. Below this citadel was the town proper. Every­where the main streets ran from north to south and other streets ran at right angles to the main streets. Houses, residential or others stood on both sides of the streets. Both at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro houses were built of Kiln-burnt bricks. At Lothal and Kalibangan residential houses were made of sun-dried bricks, the drains, wells, bathing platforms were made of kiln-burnt bricks, short essay on indus valley civilization.

An average house had, besides kitchen and bath, four to six living rooms. Large houses with thirty rooms and staircases suggest that there were large two or three storeyed buildings. Most of the houses had wells within them and a drainage system carried the waste water to the main under­ground drain of the street.

There were also public baths with wells- The covered drains of the streets had soak-pits arid manholes for clearing. There were also arrangements tor street lighting. Of the places where the relics of the Indus civilisation have been discovered; the towns of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are the most important.

These two towns were connected also by land and their town planning was similar, short essay on indus valley civilization. Stuart Piggott is of the opinion that the towns of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were the two capitals of the Indus civilisation.

But in absence of more reliable evidence it will not be proper, as Sir Mortimer Wheeler observes, to regard them as two capitals of short essay on indus valley civilization time of the Indus civilisation. The city of Mohenjo-daro had, besides numerous dwelling houses, a few very spacious buildings of elaborate structure and design. There were nine phases of rebuilding of this city on the same site. The lowest strata under sub-soil water have not been reached by archaeo­logists for obvious difficulties.

But what is peculiar is that different strata do not show any sign of modification. Some of these buildings contained large pillared halls. One of the halls was as large as 24 meters square. Although the exact nature and the purpose of such buildings with spacious halls are not known, they are supposed to have been either palaces, temples or municipal halls. The most note­worthy structure the remains of which have been found was a large swimming enclosure with rooms and galleries on all sides.

The water was supplied by a well situated in one of the rooms. The water was discharged by a huge drain. At Harappa a great granary has been discovered. It was built on a raised platform to protect it from floods. The granary was divided into storage blocks for storing of corn collected from the people as land tax.

We may assume, writes Prof. Basham, that it had its counterpart at Mohenjo-daro. The make of the buildings was so strong that it had withstood the ravages of five thousand years. Kiln-burnt bricks were used for buildings in places which were ravaged by floods and sun-baked bricks in other places. The ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and other towns and cities leave us in no doubt that the cities were largely populated and the inhabitants enjoyed municipal advantages of a very high order unknown to the people of the contemporary world.

The ruins also give us an impression that the people lived in luxury and developed a culture of a very high order. From the relics discovered at Mohenjo-daro in particular and in -other towns and cities we get a comprehensive idea of the economic life of the people. As in most of the other contemporary civilisations, agriculture was the backbone of the Indus economy.

Although Mohenjo-daro is an arid zone today, at the time when the Indus civilisa­tion had developed, there was adequate rainfall as can be imagined from the making of kiln-burnt bricks which needed abundant supply of wood. There must have been vast forest areas, and forests attracted short essay on indus valley civilization. Further, the Indus, Ravi, Ghaggar, Sutlej, and Bhogavo ensured adequate water supply to Harappa, Kalibangan, Ropar and Lothal.

The main agricultural crops short essay on indus valley civilization wheat, barley, besides bananas, peas and melons. Cultivation of cotton was perhaps the most remarkable of all agricultural produces of the Indus people. People ate besides cereals, fish, vegetables, mutton, fowl, beef and pork.

Cat, dog, elephant, humped bulls also called Brahmani bulls, short essay on indus valley civilization, buffaloes, pigs, camels etc. Whether horse was known to the Indus people is not known for certain.

But Harappa people may have known the use of horse. For dress cotton fabrics were mostly used. From the portrayal of a man in Harappa it is supposed that people used something like a dhoti. Shawl was used as an upper garment, short essay on indus valley civilization. For warm textiles wool was used. Finding of buttons and needles among the relics shows that some of the clothes were stitched.

Ornaments were used both by men and women. Some of the ornaments, such as neck-chain, fillets, finger rings, short essay on indus valley civilization, armlets and bangles were used by both men and women, but girdles, nose-studs, ear-rings, anklets were used only by women. The variety of ways in which the women dyed their hair and the ornaments that they wore from head to foot leave us in no doubt that the life of the women folk was not all work. The elaborate hair style as seen in the female figurines, find of a vanity bag and toilet jars at Harappa with remains of face-paints and cosmetics indicate that the women folk of the time were fond of personal elegance as short essay on indus valley civilization modem counterparts.

These were both plain and painted. Vessels were also made of copper, silver, short essay on indus valley civilization, bronze and porcelain. The Indus civilisation belonged to a perfect Bronze Age. There was, however, not a trace of iron. Among other articles of household use mention may be made of spindles, spindle whorl, sickles, razors, fish hooks etc. For the purpose of weighing blocks of stone were used.

Discovery of dice-pieces shows that the game of dice was known to the Indus people. Toys of the children included small chairs, wheeled cart, etc. These show that chairs, wheeled carts were in actual use at that time. The Harappa people manufactured lifelike miniatures of animals, specially interesting being the tiny monkeys climbing up and down a string and squirrels used as pinheads and beads. Little toycarts, cattle with movable heads, whistles in the shape of birds, short essay on indus valley civilization, indi­cate their use in daily life.

In one respect the Harappa people were technically in advance of their contemporaries, they devised a saw with teeth which allowed saw dust to escape from the cut automatically. This shows that in carpentry the people acquired a great skill. The Indus people had weapons of war like short essay on indus valley civilization, axes, daggers, maces, slings but defensive armours like shield, helmet etc.

were not found to be in use. Terracotta seals, more than five hundred in numbers have been discovered in the ruins of the Indus civilisation. Some of them have representations of animal figures as also pictorial inscrip­tion on them. Animal features on the seal show a high degree of artistic excellence. A few stone images found at Harappa are of such high degree of artistic excellence that these may be compared with Greek statues.

Needless to remark that the art of sculpture was highly developed. The seals discovered in the Indus valley have not yet been deci­phered. It has, short essay on indus valley civilization, therefore, not been possible to get any idea of the nature of the political life and organisation of the Indus people- Some of the seals were used for commercial purposes.

The Indus people had trade relations with other parts of India as also with countries beyond India. Finds of seals of Indus style in west Asian sites such as Ur, Lagash, Susa, Umma and Tell Asmar prove that there must have been trade contacts between the Indus people and those of West Asian countries. In recent years a seal of the Persian Gulf areas has been discovered at Lothal. The remains of a dockyard at Lothal have also been discovered. From these it is reasonable to conclude that there were both overland and maritime trade relations with the west Asian countries and the Indus people.

Finds of precious stones like lapis la2uli, jade, turquoise etc. which were not found indigenously, suggest trade with Iraq, short essay on indus valley civilization, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet and Central Asia. A large number of weights belonging to a uniform system have been found at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as well as in Chanhudaro and other smaller towns. The unit was ratio 16, as we even today calculate 16 annas to a rupee or 16 chit-tacks to a seer.

Essay on Indus valley civilisation - Essay Writing on Indus Valley Civilisation

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Essay on Indus Civilisation

Short Essay on Indus Valley Civilization. Article Shared By. ADVERTISEMENTS: More than 4, years ago there flourished in the north-western parts of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent a civilization which, deriving its name from the main river of the region is known as the Indus civilization. In fact, however, it extended far beyond the limits of that Estimated Reading Time: 7 mins 6/18/ · Free descriptive essay on apple pie rebajas en la web hasta el 16/02! the apple tree malus domestica is a deciduous tree in the rose family best known for. short essay of indus valley civilization Another greatest generation is on the way dumb luckin which one generation melted down the economy so that the next generation might Indus Valley Civilization had its golden time during BCE. The very well known Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa belongs to this blogger.com this Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Mohenjo-Daro Civilization or Harappa Civilization Excavated evidences tell us that they were the most advanced cities ever created. Many houses had personal wells and bathroom